Define non-trapping float-to-int conversions. (WebAssembly#1089)

* Define non-trapping float-to-int conversions.

This also introduces the concept of prefix bytes, and defines the "numeric" prefix
byte, used for encodin the new conversion instructions.

* Add feature markers.

* Add the feature marker in more places.

* Rename "numeric" to "misc".

See WebAssembly/nontrapping-float-to-int-conversions#5.

* Rename opcodes.

See WebAssembly/spec#884 (comment).

Author: sunfishcode

BinaryEncoding.md

@@ -57,12 +57,20 @@ Note: Currently, the only sizes used are `varint7`, `varint32` and `varint64`.
 
 ## Instruction Opcodes
 
-In the MVP, the opcodes of [instructions](Semantics.md) are all encoded in a
-single byte since there are fewer than 256 opcodes. Future features like
-[SIMD][future simd] and [atomics][future threads]
-will bring the total count above 256 and so an extension scheme will be
-necessary, designating one or more single-byte values as prefixes for multi-byte
-opcodes.
+The opcodes for many common instructions are encoded in a single byte.
+
+The opcodes for some families of instructions are encoded as a *prefix byte*
+followed by an LEB128 value. Prefix byte values are allocated starting at `0xfe`
+and counting downwards.
+
+### Prefix Bytes
+
+| Opcode | Name     | Description |
+| ------ | -------- | ----------- |
+| `0xff` | reserved | Reserved for unknown future language evolution :milky_way: |
+| `0xfe` | threads  | Expected to be used for [atomics :unicorn:][future threads] |
+| `0xfd` | simd     | Expected to be used for [SIMD :unicorn:][future simd] |
+| `0xfc` | misc     | Miscellaneous operations :bowling: |
 
 ## Language Types
 
@@ -802,6 +810,14 @@ for [future :unicorn:][future multiple tables] use and must be 0 in the MVP.
 | `f64.convert_s/i64` | `0xb9` | | |
 | `f64.convert_u/i64` | `0xba` | | |
 | `f64.promote/f32` | `0xbb` | | |
+| `i32.trunc_sat_f32_s` | `0xfc` `0x00` | | :bowling: saturating form of `i32.trunc_f32_s` |
+| `i32.trunc_sat_f32_u` | `0xfc` `0x01` | | :bowling: saturating form of `i32.trunc_f32_u` |
+| `i32.trunc_sat_f64_s` | `0xfc` `0x02` | | :bowling: saturating form of `i32.trunc_f64_s` |
+| `i32.trunc_sat_f64_u` | `0xfc` `0x03` | | :bowling: saturating form of `i32.trunc_f64_u` |
+| `i64.trunc_sat_f32_s` | `0xfc` `0x04` | | :bowling: saturating form of `i64.trunc_f32_s` |
+| `i64.trunc_sat_f32_u` | `0xfc` `0x05` | | :bowling: saturating form of `i64.trunc_f32_u` |
+| `i64.trunc_sat_f64_s` | `0xfc` `0x06` | | :bowling: saturating form of `i64.trunc_f64_s` |
+| `i64.trunc_sat_f64_u` | `0xfc` `0x07` | | :bowling: saturating form of `i64.trunc_f64_u` |
 
 ## Reinterpretations ([described here](Semantics.md#datatype-conversions-truncations-reinterpretations-promotions-and-demotions))
 

Semantics.md

@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ detailed in this document.
 
 [:unicorn:][future general] = Planned [future][future general] feature
 
+## Post-MVP Features
+
+Some features were added post-MVP. These are indicated with the following symbols:
+
+| Symbol     | Feature |
+| ---------- | ------- |
+| :bowling: | Saturating float to int conversions |
+
 ## Traps
 
 Some operators may *trap* under some conditions, as noted below. In the MVP,
@@ -640,6 +648,14 @@ is NaN, and *ordered* otherwise.
  * `f64.convert_u/i32`: convert an unsigned 32-bit integer to a 64-bit float
  * `f64.convert_u/i64`: convert an unsigned 64-bit integer to a 64-bit float
  * `f64.reinterpret/i64`: reinterpret the bits of a 64-bit integer as a 64-bit float
+ * `i32.trunc_sat_f32_s`: :bowling: truncate a 32-bit float to a signed 32-bit integer with saturation
+ * `i32.trunc_sat_f64_s`: :bowling: truncate a 64-bit float to a signed 32-bit integer with saturation
+ * `i32.trunc_sat_f32_u`: :bowling: truncate a 32-bit float to an unsigned 32-bit integer with saturation
+ * `i32.trunc_sat_f64_u`: :bowling: truncate a 64-bit float to an unsigned 32-bit integer with saturation
+ * `i64.trunc_sat_f32_s`: :bowling: truncate a 32-bit float to a signed 64-bit integer with saturation
+ * `i64.trunc_sat_f64_s`: :bowling: truncate a 64-bit float to a signed 64-bit integer with saturation
+ * `i64.trunc_sat_f32_u`: :bowling: truncate a 32-bit float to an unsigned 64-bit integer with saturation
+ * `i64.trunc_sat_f64_u`: :bowling: truncate a 64-bit float to an unsigned 64-bit integer with saturation
 
 Wrapping and extension of integer values always succeed.
 Promotion and demotion of floating point values always succeed.
@@ -665,7 +681,12 @@ round-to-nearest ties-to-even rounding.
 
 Truncation from floating point to integer where IEEE 754-2008 would specify an
 invalid operator exception (e.g. when the floating point value is NaN or
-outside the range which rounds to an integer in range) traps.
+outside the range which rounds to an integer in range) is handled as follows:
+ - For instructions with no exceptional behavior specified, a trap is produced.
+ - :bowling: For instructions containing `_sat`, no trap is produced, and:
+ - If the floating-point value is positive, the maximum integer value is returned.
+ - If the floating-point value is negative, the minimum integer value is returned.
+ - If the floating-point value is NaN, zero is returned.
 
 ## Type-parametric operators