Menopause can cause vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes and sweating, which can disrupt daily life. This Review discusses the risk factors contributing to severe vasomotor symptoms, their potential health consequences and options for medical management.

In this Review, the authors describe how the development of various thyroid organoid models has advanced research into thyroid development, dysregulation and disease. They also discuss the limitations of these models and whether thyroid organoids could be used as cell therapy in the future.

Treatments are now available that target the specific neurobiological pathways underlying vasomotor symptoms, which is an important advance in the management of menopause. This Review outlines the current understanding of these pathways, charts the translation of preclinical work to clinical studies and discusses how mechanism-based interventions have evolved.

Precision medicine has the potential to radically improve diagnosis and treatment of cardiometabolic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and small island developing states (SIDS). This Perspective discusses the challenges and complexities as well as the opportunities and advantages of implementing precision medicine in LMICs and SIDS.

Infants exposed to hypoglycaemia are at risk of neuroglycopenia and long-term neurodisability. Individuals with congenital hyperinsulinism provide a unique opportunity to gain insights into relevant biological pathways and outcomes. Such insights could transform clinical care for infants at risk of hypoglycaemia from a variety of genetic and environmental aetiologies.

Medications based on glucagon-like peptide 1 pathways are an efficient drug treatment for people with obesity, often eliciting rapid and pronounced weight loss. However, concerns have been raised regarding accelerated muscle wasting and sarcopenia. Here, we discuss some of the latest research in this area.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are used in regenerative medicine, disease modelling and drug screening. In addition, organoid culture techniques have enabled investigation of tissue development and cell–cell and tissue–tissue interactions in vitro. Over the past few years, pituitary disease modelling using iPSCs has been developed.